ABSTRACT
Abstract Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.
Resumo Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é descrita com base em dados morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos; esta nova espécie Chalcididae atua como hiperparasitoide de Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em pupas de seu parasitoide Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos e moleculares e ilustrações de H. camobiensis são fornecidos.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.
Resumo Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é descrita com base em dados morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos; esta nova espécie Chalcididae atua como hiperparasitoide de Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em pupas de seu parasitoide Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos e moleculares e ilustrações de H. camobiensis são fornecidos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Wasps , Butterflies , Hymenoptera , PupaABSTRACT
We surveyed parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) in two guarana plantations in the central Brazilian Amazon (one conventionally, and one organically managed), as well as in adjacent forest and edge areas between crop and forest. We evaluated differences between management systems in parasitoid diversity and abundance, and assessed the importance of the surrounding matrix as a source of parasitoid wasps for guarana cultivation. Parasitoid wasp richness, abundance and taxonomic composition (at family level) were compared between plantations, and among habitats within plantations. Wasps were sampled using Malaise and Moericke traps. A total of 25,951 parasitoid wasps (10,828 in the conventional, and 15,123 in the organic crop area) were collected, and were distributed in 11 superfamilies and 38 families. In the conventional management area, the greatest abundance and richness of parasitoids were recorded in the adjacent forest, while, in the organic management area, the greatest abundance and richness were recorded in the crop-forest edge. Parasitoid wasp family richness was not influenced by management system and habitat but varied significantly between trap types. Average wasp abundance varied significantly between management systems. The presence of adjacent forest in both cultivation areas likely contributed to a greater abundance and richness of parasitoid wasps, showing the importance of preserving forest areas near the plantations. (AU)
Subject(s)
Parasites , Crop Production , Ecosystem , HymenopteraABSTRACT
Abstract Encyrtids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are the most important and diverse group of natural enemies of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Blepyrus clavicornis (Compere) is the most common parasitoid associated with Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) in the Serra Gaúcha region, Brazil. We conducted laboratory studies to assess the development time, sex ratio, adult longevity, host stage selection for parasitism, and effect of food on the longevity of adult females of B. clavicornis. The experiments were conducted in a climate chamber at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH and 12:12 L:D photoperiod. The solitary parasitoid B. clavicornis parasitized third-instar and adult female stages of P. viburni. The development time was more than 30 days (31.75 ± 0.38 for females and 30.02 ± 0.34 for males) when B. clavicornis laid eggs in adult mealybug females, and 35 days (36.50 ± 0.50 for females and 34.24 ± 0.43 for males) on third-instar mealybug nymphs. The wasps did not survive longer than four days when they were fed only water, while females survived for about 30 days when fed with honey. The lifespan of females is about 20 days longer than the lifespan of males. Although B. clavicornis can provide significant natural control, reducing the number of individuals in the next generation by parasitizing advanced mealybug instars, we consider it unpromising for use in applied biological-control programs. Furthermore, the predominance of males in the progeny observed here suggests that P. viburni may not be the most suitable or preferred host for B. clavicornis.
ABSTRACT
Abstract:It has been assumed that Tetrapus female wasps (Agaonidae s.s.), the pollinators of the figs of the New World, section Pharmacosycea, are mainly characterized by the presence of one mandibular appendange only, and that it is the most ancestral clade of extant Agaonidae s.s., and the males are tetrapodous. The main objective of this work was to study five Tetrapus morphotypes, whose females have two mandibular appendages and the males are hexapodous, their fig host association and phylogenetic position to the family Agaonidae. The question of which group of fig pollinating wasps and associated figs are the sister to the rest of the pollinating agaonids, and figs respectively remain open. I report a group of New World extant Tetrapus morphotypes (Agaonidae: Agaoninae) provisionally assigned to Hexapus subg. nov. in preparation. Currently, Tetrapus appears as the sister taxon to all other fig pollinating taxa. Howeveer, morphologically, ecologically, geographically and historically Hexapus seems to be the ancestral clade of the extant Agaoninae. Hexapus morphotypes develop in fig species of subsection Petenenses (section Pharmacosycea). In the known extant Tetrapus, the females have one mandibular appendage and the males have reduced one or two short-lobe atrophied non-functional midlegs (tetrapodous). Hexapus females have two free mandibular appendages, and the males have five segmented functional mid-legs (hexapodous). Molecularly Hexapus seems to be the ancestral clade of extant Agaoninae; e.g., a Tetrapus sp. of Ficus crassivenosa was placed by other author as the ancestral clade of 101 wasp species, representing 19 worldwide Agaoninae genera, including four Tetrapus species. In Tetrapus sp. of Ficus crassivenosa, the female has two mandibular appendages and the male is hexapodous. The females of T. apopnus and T. delclosi, preserved in Early to mid-Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic, also have two mandibular appendages and the general morphology of extant Hexapus. I suggest that Hexapus stands up as a living fossil and the sister clade of Tetrapus s.s. The presence of extant Hexapus; as well as extant Tetrapus and their fig host species, especially in South America supports a Southern Gondwanaland origin for both of them, but not a trans-Pacific migrating connection with tropical America for section Pharmacosycea (the host of Tetrapus and Hexapus), a long oceanic dispersal, high levels of stem extinction of Tetrapus or Atlantic land connections, as proposed by other authors. However, lastly it has been assumed that figs and their pollinators arose simultaneously in Eurasia during early Tertiary and spread southwards from it. Most of the morphological and molecular studies of the fig biology of Agaoninae and Ficus, did not include Hexapus morphotypes and their fig hosts, and assumed that Tetrapus is the most ancestral clade of the extant fig pollinating wasps. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1721-1735. Epub 2016 December 01.
Resumen:Se ha asumido que las hembras de las avispas Tetrapus (Agaonidae s.s.), las polinizadoras de los higos de la sección Pharmacosycea del Nuevo Mundo, se caracterizan principalmente por la presencia de un solo apéndice mandibular, que es el clado más ancestral de los Agaonidae s.s. existentes y los machos son tetrápodos. El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar algunos morfotipos de avispas Tetrapus, cuyas hembras poseen dos apéndices mandibulares y los machos tres pares de patas funcionales (hexápodos); su asociación con sus higos hospederos y la posición filogenética en la familia Agaonidae. Cuestiono cuál grupo de avispas polinizadoras de los higos, constituye el grupo hermano de otras avispas polinizadoras de los higos (Agaonidae). Informo sobre un grupo de avispas (Tetrapus: Agaoninae) existentes, provisionalmente asignado a Hexapus subg. nov. en preparación. Morfológica, ecológica, geográfica e históricamente, Hexapus parece ser el clado ancestral de los polinizadores de higos Agaoninae existentes. Los morfotipos de Hexapus se desarrollan en especies de higos de la subsección Petenenses (sección Pharmacosycea). Las hembras de Tetrapus existentes tienen únicamente un apéndice mandibular y los machos tienen uno o dos lóbulos cortos, en lugar de las patas medias y por lo tanto no son funcionales (tetrápodos). Las hembras de Hexapus tienen dos apéndices mandibulares libres y los machos tienen patas medias funcionales con cinco segmentos (hexápodos). Molecularmente, Hexapus parece ser el clado ancestral de los Agaoninae existentes; por ejemplo, una especie de Tetrapus de Ficus crassivenosa fue colocado por otros autores como el clado ancestral de 101 especies de avispas que representan 19 géneros de Agaoninae mundiales, incluidas cuatro especies de Tetrapus. En Tetrapus sp. de Ficus crassivenosa, la hembra tiene dos apéndices mandibulares y el macho es hexápodo. Las hembras de T. apopnus y T. delclosi, descritas del Mioceno Temprano (Burdigaliense), conservadas en ámbar de la República Dominicana, también tienen dos apéndices mandibulares y la morfología general de Hexapus existente. El autor sugiere que Hexapus representa un fósil viviente y es un clado hermano de Tetrapus s.s. La presencia de Hexapus y Tetrapus actuales, y sus higos hospederos, especialmente en Suramérica, sugieren que tienen un origen en la Gondwana meridional del Cretácico. La presencia de Hexapus y Tetrapus en el Nuevo Mundo, no parece apoyar una conexión migratoria a través del Pacífico con América tropical, para los higos de la sección Pharmacosycea (los hospederos de Tetrapus y Hexapus), una amplia dispersión transoceánica, altos niveles de extinción básica de Tetrapus y conexiones terrestres a través del Atlántico, propuesto por otros autores. Sin embargo, últimamente se ha aceptado que los higos y sus polinizadores se originaron simultáneamente en Eurasia, durante el Terciario Primario y se diseminaron hacia el sur. La mayoría de estudios morfológicos y moleculares de biólogos de los Agaoninae y Ficus, no incluyeron morfotipos de Hexapus, o sus especies hospederas de Ficus y aceptadaron que Tetrapus es el clado más ancestral de las avispas polinizadoras de los higos existentes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Wasps/anatomy & histology , Ficus/physiology , Pollination/physiology , Phylogeny , Pollen/anatomy & histology , Species Specificity , Sex Factors , Mandible/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
A new stalk-eyed wasp Axima nordestina sp. n. is described from the Northeastern Brazilian savannah. Axima nordestina is the fourth species of stalk-eyed wasps (A. noyesi species group) and the second one known from Brazil. The head morphology of A. nordestina appears less derived than in the other known species. An updated key of the A. noyesi species group is provided.
ABSTRACT
Wasps from the arboreal vegetation in Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombian Pacific. Studies of Colombian Hymenoptera are incipient, fragmented and there is no comprehensive study about its size and composition. We know that the guild of hymenopteran parasitoids is the richest in species and that they are common and abundant in all terrestrial ecosystems, acting as regulators of populations of other insects. Studies in Gorgona National Natural Park have mostly focused on the natural history and identification of Formicidae and Apidae. This work was directed toward the identification of other hymenopteran species associated with its tropical rain forest. In November 2007, 16 trees were sampled by fogging with a biodegradable pyrethroid insecticide applied from 1m above the ground to the canopy. We found 641 individuals (45% identified to subfamily and 28% to genera) from seven superfamilies, 20 families and 118 morphospecies. Chalcidoidea was the most representative superfamily, Eulophidae the most diverse family and Braconidae the numerically dominant family. The sampling efficiency was 71% and 166 species are estimated to exist in the island. Approximately 71% of the estimated species were captured during this study. We report 12 genera new for the island. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 307-315. Epub 2014 February 01.
A pesar de la reconocida riqueza de Colombia, los estudios de la fauna de himenópteros son muy incipientes, fragmentarios y no hay revisiones de base que muestren el tamaño y composición de la fauna del país. Los himenópteros parasitoides son muy comunes y abundantes en todos los ecosistemas terrestres, actuando como reguladores de poblaciones de otros insectos. Este trabajo fue dirigido hacia la identificación de especies asociadas al dosel del bosque húmedo tropical del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, ecosistema insular ubicado en la parte sur del Pacífico colombiano, con el propósito de ampliar el conocimiento sobre este orden. En noviembre de 2007, se muestrearon 16 árboles mediante la técnica de nebulización, utilizando un insecticida piretroide biodegradable aplicado desde 1m sobre el nivel del suelo hasta el dosel. Se examinaron 641 individuos (identificados 45% a subfamilias y 28% a género) pertenecientes a siete superfamilias, 20 familias y 118 morfoespecies, siendo Chalcidoidea la superfamilia más representativa, Eulophidae la familia más diversa y Braconidae la familia dominante con el mayor número de ejemplares colectados. Se reportan 12 géneros nuevos para la isla, ampliando su rango de distribución y posicionando este estudio como el primero enfocado en este gremio de Hymenoptera en el parque.
Subject(s)
Wasps/anatomy & histology , Sampling Studies , Hymenoptera/classification , Colombia , EcosystemABSTRACT
Tanaostigmodes horacioi sp. nov. Perioto & Lara (Hymenoptera, Tanaostigmatidae) from Brazil is described and illustrated. T. horacioi is the second included species in the insculptus species group of Tanaostigmodes Ashmead, 1896. A key to species of the insculptus group is provided.
Tanaostigmodes horacioi sp. nov. Perioto & Lara (Hymenoptera, Tanaostigmatidae) do Brasil é descrita e ilustrada. T. horacioi é a segunda espécie descrita do grupo de espécies insculptus de Tanaostigmodes Ashmead, 1896. É fornecida chave de identificação para as espécies do grupo insculptus.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Hymenoptera/anatomy & histology , Hymenoptera/classification , BrazilABSTRACT
The geographic ranges of Heimbra opaca (Ashmead, 1894), H. bicolor Subba Rao, 1978 and H. parallela Stage & Snelling, 1986 are extended based on study of material deposited in the entomological collections of the Laboratório de Sistemática e Bioecologia de Parasitoides e Predadores da APTA (Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil) of the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brasília, DF, Brazil). Symbra potiguara Perioto & Fernandes sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) is described, illustrated and compared with S. cordobensis Stage & Snelling, 1986, the single species previously known for this genus. A key to the genera of Heimbrinae and to the species of Symbra is provided.
Os limites geográficos de Heimbra opaca (Ashmead, 1894), H. bicolor Subba Rao, 1978 e H. parallela Stage & Snelling, 1986 são estendidos com base no material examinado das coleções entomológicas do Laboratório de Sistemática e Bioecologia de Parasitoides e Predadores da APTA (Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil) e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brasília, DF, Brasil). Symbra potiguara Perioto & Fernandes sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) é descrita, ilustrada e comparada com a única espécie conhecida desse gênero, S. cordobensis Stage & Snelling, 1986. Uma chave para os gêneros de Heimbrinae e para as espécies de Symbra é fornecida.
ABSTRACT
The rubber tree lace bug, Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor occurs in high populations in rubber tree plantations and it is a limiting factor in rubber production due to the loss of photosynthetic tissue. The control of the pest has been made mainly with chemical products, which cause environmental contamination. The alternative would be the use of biological control agents, however, information about L. heveae natural enemies are scarce. The parasitoid Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Soares) parasitize eggs of the rubber tree lace bug. The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of E. tingitiphagus in plantations of several rubber tree clones, located in Itiquira town, Mato Grosso State. The plant leaflets of the clones RRIM 600, PR 255, GT 1, PB 235 and PB 217 were collected weekly from October 2005 to February 2006. Parasitism was recorded during the entire study period. The parasitism rate of L. heveae eggs in the different clones ranged from 16.8 to 20.6 percent.
O percevejo-de-renda, Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor ocorre em altas populações em plantios de seringueira, sendo fator limitante para a extração de látex devido à perda de área fotossintetizante. O controle da praga tem sido principalmente à base de produtos fitossanitários, o que gera contaminação ambiental. A alternativa para o uso de inseticidas seria a utilização de agentes de controle biológico, entretanto, informações acerca dos inimigos naturais de L. heveae são escassas. O parasitóide Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Soares) ocorre parasitando ovos do percevejo-de-renda. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de E. tingitiphagus em plantios de vários clones de seringueira, no município de Itiquira, MT. Foram coletados semanalmente folíolos de plantas dos clones RRIM 600, PR 255, GT 1, PB 235 e PB 217, de outubro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006. Observou-se a ocorrência do parasitóide durante todo o período estudado. A taxa de parasitismo de ovos de L. heveae hospedados nos diferentes clones variou de 16,8 a 20,6 por cento.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hemiptera/parasitology , Hevea/parasitology , Hymenoptera/physiology , Ovum/parasitologyABSTRACT
Duas novas espécies de Tanaostigmodes obtidas a partir de galhas de Calliandra disysantha em Brasília (DF), Brasil são descritas e ilustradas.
Two new species of Tanaostigmodes were reared from galls of Calliandra disysantha from Brasília (DF), Brazil are described and illustrated.
ABSTRACT
Foram estudadas dez espécies de Trichogramma (T. acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, T. exiguum Pinto & Platner, T. fuentesi Torre, T. galloi Zucchi, T. lasallei Pinto, T. lopezandinensis Sarmiento, T. nerudai Pintureau & Gerding, T. pintoi Voegelé e T. rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti), com base na morfologia dos machos. Os principais caracteres foram ilustrados com o auxílio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os novos registros de hospedeiro são T. acacioi em ovos de Hamadryas feronia (L.) (Brasil), T. nerudai em ovos de Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Chile) e T. lasallei em ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Uruguai primeiro registro neste país).
Ten species of Trichogramma (T. acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, T. exiguum Pinto & Platner, T. fuentesi Torre, T. galloi Zucchi, T. lasallei Pinto, T. lopezandinensis Sarmiento, T. nerudai Pintureau & Gerding, T. pintoi Voegelé e T. rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti) were studied based on male morphology. A scanning electronic microscope was used to illustrate the most important characters. New host records are T. acacioi from Hamadryas feronia (L.) eggs (Brazil), T. nerudai from Tuta absoluta Meyrick eggs (Chile) and T. lasallei from Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) eggs (Uruguay, first record in this country).
ABSTRACT
De larvas e pupas de Musca domestica, Chrysomya albiceps, Cochliomyia homivorax, Stomoxys calcitrans e Syntesiomyia nudiseta coletadas em diversos ambiente, em São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Minas Gerais, foram obtidas dez espécies de microhimenópteros parasitóides da supermamília Chalcidoidea, algumas assinaladas pela primeira vez no Brasil.